derivatonal bound morpheme

DERIVATIONAL BOUND MORPHEME

1.1  INTRODUCTION

Language is communication device who person use in dialogue everyday. It is very important in process human live. Because it can correlate between one person and another person. What is the cause of language very important in our live ?

As we know that human is social creature. Therefore, human is one another interdependent.beside that,human has to do socialiszation with the others. So, we need language for communication with the other person.

Many people say that learn about language is difficult for them. In indonesian language, if we want to learn about language such write or speak, the first we have to know  what is the sentence,paragraph,and  we also have to know the structure of word and sentence. Likewise learn about english. If we want to learn english correctly,the method is similarly to learn indonesian language. Study about english, there is Morphology. Morphology is pure linguistics it deals with the structure of words. in morphology, there is morpheme.   Oloruntoba-Oju (1994:71) defines morpheme in terms of its placement among other units of grammar as “the smallest meaning-bearing unit in a word”. Ayodele (2001:75) defines it as “the smallest unit, which exhibits an internal structure and meaning of its own but which cannot be further broken up”.Morphemes are divide into two types,there are; free morpheme ( can stay alone ) and bound morpheme ( can not stay alone ). Bound morpheme also divide into  two  kinds,there are; Derivational and Inflectional. However, in this case I am only discuss about Derivational bound morpheme. Because I have some problem in this part. I want to identiify alteration bound morphemes of childhood,brotherhood,and neighborhood. Are the words include derivational or inflectional morpheme? And How to determine alteration part of speech in Derivational suffix? In order to  know more information about this material,we will discuss in next section.

1.2  DISCUSSION

Morphology is the study of the ways in which words are formed and the functions of the parts that make up the whole of the word.in addition, Morphology is the study of the construction of words out of morphemes. Like phonemes, morphemes are distinct grammatical units from which words are formed. But unlike phonemes, morphemes have -unique meanings. For instance, the words seen /sin/ and lean /lin/ are distinguished by one phoneme, but the phonemes /s/ and /r/ have no inherent meaningsthemselves. In the specific word, morpheme is the smallest unit of word. Morphome divided in two kinds, there are ; Free morpheme and bound morpheme. Morphemes that can stand alone and have meaning as a word are called free morphemes. Morphemes that cannot stand alone but must be attached to another morpheme to have meaning are called boundmorphemes.in Grammatical function, boun morpheme divided into two categorizes there are; Derivational and Inflectional.But, in this case only discuss about Derivational.

1.      DERIVATIONAL  BOUND MORPHEME

Some affixes have the effect of creating new words, although the end result may or may not have a closely related meaning. For instance, the affix {-en} added to {gold} will produce golden, the adjective form of gold. The prefix {con} added to {sent} will produce consent, whereas the prefix {dis} added to {sent} will produce dissent, quite a different meaning! Affixes of these types are called derivational morphemes. Sometimes derivational morphemes change the part of speech, converting, say a verb to a noun or vice versa (like break/breakage), or a noun to an adjective (like day/daily). Sometimes they derive a new word of the same part of speech like camp/camper. They can even have feminine meaning, like fiancé/fiancéeor baron/baroness. Sometimes they have diminutive meanings like dog/doggy, cat/kitten. English has a great variety of derivational suffixes, in part because it has borrowed many from other languages.derivational morphemes are always prefixes or suffixes.I know that  characteristics of derivational morpheme,there are :

a.       Can change the meaning of words.

b.      Can change the class of words.

Example :

a.       Happy- unhappy, impossible-possible

“UN”,and “IM” are prefix.it can change the meaning of word.

b.      Agree-agreement, happy-happiness,quick-quickly

“Ment”,”ness”,and “ Ly” are change the class of word.

Agree (verb) + ment ( suffix) à agreement ( Noun)

happy ( Adj) + Ness ( suffix)à Happiness ( noun)

Quick ( Adj) + Ly ( suffix) à quickly ( Adverb)

   Infact, derivational has five characteristics, there are :

1.      Can change part of speech or meaning;e.g,-mentfrom nouns such as judge-ment from verbs such as judge.

2.      typically indicate semantic relations within the words, e.g, the morpheme –ful in painful has no particular connection with any other morpheme in a sentence, beyond the word painful. Itself.

3.      Typically occur with only some members of class of morphemes, e.g, the suffix –hood occurs with just a few nouns such as brother, neighbor,knight, but not with most others, e.g, friend, daughter,candle, etc.

4.      Typically occur before inflectional suffixes ( and after inflectional prefixes, though not in english ); e.g, in chillier, the derivational sufffix –y comes before the inflectional –er.

5.      Instantiate a single category, which  may be complex, but never occur in a paradigm; e.g, there is no paradigm of all the ways there are of forming verbs from nouns, just scattered processes on different words.

A derivational morpheme which is also called a derived morpheme is a type of bound morpheme which generates or creates new words by either changing the class of word or forming new words. This change in word class, caused by the addition of a derivational bound morpheme, is not restricted to a particular class of words. It affects all classes of words. This transformation does not, however, affect the lexical meaning of the base forms of the free morpheme. That is, the lexical meanings of the core or base or free morpheme remain unchanged.

These examples are common in the English language:

a. Nouns from verbs word class

Derivational  suffix                                       verb                                        Noun

-age                                                                 break                                       breakage –

-al                                                                    revive                                      revival

- ation                                                              explore                                    exploration

- ment                                                              govern                                     government

- ee                                                                  pay                                          payee

- ant                                                                 inform                                                 informant

b. Adjectives from nouns

Suffix                                                              Noun                                       Adjective

- ful                                                                 care                                          careful

- less                                                                fruit                                         fruitless

- n                                                                    Nigeria                                    Nigerian

- able                                                               love                                         lovable

- ly                                                                   friend                                      friendly

- ous                                                                desire                                       desirous

-y                                                                     library                                     librarían

c. Nouns from Adjectives

Suffix                                                              Adjective                                Noun

- ity                                                                  rapid                                       rapidity

- ness                                                               kind                                        kindness

- ce                                                                  fragrant                                   fragrance

- ity                                                                  humble                                                humility

d. Verbs from Adjective

Suffix                                                              Adjective                                Verb

- en                                                                  weak                                       weaken

- ize                                                                 liquid                                      liquidize

- fy                                                                  solid                                        solidify

e. Adjectives from verbs

Suffix                                                              Verb                                       Adjective

- able                                                               wash                                       washable

- ive                                                                 digest                                      digestive

- tory                                                               satisfy                                      satisfactory

f. Verbs from nouns

Suffix                                                              Nouns                                    Verbs

-ize                                                                  special                                     specialize

1.2  Affixation

The term affixation can be defined as a morphological process of attaching an element usually called an affix to the root or base of a word. For example ‘courage’ is a root of a word; when –en is added to it, it becomes encourage, and when – ment is added to it, it becomes encouragement. Both –en and –ment are affixes. But while –en is a prefix (an element added to the beginning of a word), -ment is a suffix (an element added to the end of a word). Thus, the structural formula of a word is (P) B (S) where P and S and prefix and suffix respectively and they are both optional, B is base and it is mandatory.  Hence, B is the free morpheme that can stand on its own. Other examples include:-

Un + comfort + able

(P)       B            (S)

un + educate + d

(P)       B         (S)

dis + establish + ment

(P)       B             (S)

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE

1.      Identify the words brotherhood,neighborhood,childhood, arethe words include derivational or inflectional bound morpheme?

2.      Identify the role alteration of noun àadjectiveàadverb,etc ( part of speech).

1.3  CONCLUSION

A while ago,I have discussed about morphology. In morphology, there is morphome. Morpheme is the smallest unit of word. Morphome diveded into two kinds, there  are; DERIVATIONAL and INFLECTIONAL.derivational has five characteristics, there are; can changed the mean of words, changed the class of word,typically indicate semantic relations within the words,Typically occur before inflectional suffixes,and Instantiate a single category, which  may be complex, but never occur in a paradigm. There are several examples of derivational characteristics that changed the class of words;Nouns from verbs word class,Adjectives from nouns,Nouns from Adjectives, Verbs from Adjective,Adjectives from verbs,Verbs from nouns.I also looked in an affixation as an aspect of bound morpheme, though with more of it to come under morphological processes or word formation processes,and I ended with the  the structural formula of a words are P ( prefix ), B ( both), and S ( suffix ).

Source :

http://www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/Courses/Psy598/Ling-Morphology.pdf

http://www.ats.edu.mx/ifs/jtorres/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/UNIT-2-TYPES-AND-CHARACTERISTICS-OF-MORPHEMES.pdf

http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW/engl400/morphol.pdf

http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/homepages/hackmack/Kiel/morph/web4.pdf

Essay BDP "why pronuncation is diffcult for students?"

      Pronunciation is the most important thing in English. When we speak to each other, certain we need a good pronunciation in order the other people understand what we mean. Pronunciation also make people more interesting to learn English. Because, people who can speak english, Sometimes always pronunciation the word base on their style. And it make we confused to find what their mean. Actually,we know what they mean. But, we can not hear clearly what they say, and it is one factor that make Pronunciation very difficult to learn in english. According toZhang & Yin (2009),ability of speaking English embodiesthe correctness of pronunciation and intonation and directly affects the appropriate communication in conversation.This paper will discuss about the reason why pronunciation is difficult when we learn english.

     Pronunciation is the part of speaking English. It is very important when we speak in english. Pronunciation related with accent. If you using incorrect the accent, it makes people who heard what they say will be change the meaning of the word or occur misunderstanding in their conversation. In learn english, mostly people difficult to learn pronunciation. In this case, they have many problem when their learn English specially in speaking english. Why it is difficult for them ?  there are several reason to  answer this question.

     The first, difficult thing when we learn about pronunciation is people who speaks with bad pronunciation make the conversation between two people be broke, and it make misunderstanding in their conversation. For example, when you speaks to each other and you say that “ we are going by car /Ka:/ ” but, you are incorrect to pronunciation it. You pronunciation the word with Card / Ka:d /. In this case, The position of tounge is capitalize in Speaking. If we wrong to put the position of tounge, it makes change the result of word, And it also make two people who discussing about something become misunderstanding.

Secondly,for this reason pronunciation focuses both on the sounds of language such as; Vowel and consonant. Mostly, it happening when the people who begin too learn english. He or she be confused to pronunciate it. For example, the word of “ she runs fast”. The correct pronunciation of run is / RAN/ . But, they are reading it with “ RUN “, and it incorrect.

Thirdly, when we learn about pronunciation we need many vocabulary, and grammar. Sometimes, when we hear an English song, the people always search the sound word in a song. But, if they do not know the word in a song, and do not know  pronunciation of this word, So they will have a barrier to find the word in a song.

Fourthly, there is people who can listening correctly, but they are difficult to pronunciation it. Commonly, many people that felt this problem in their live. When they look snd listen what the partner said or the lecture said, it seems like did not difficult to pronunciation it. In fact, it is very difficult. Because, we must to put the tongue correctly when we speaks.

    The last is when we learn about english, many that make them confuse to pronunciation it. Because, in english, the word is different compare with the pronunciation. For example the words of “Why”, we are read / wai/. In addition, there is “laugh” and we pronunciation it with / Lav/. But, in this case be carefully  to pronunciation the word of ‘Laugh” / Lav / because, it likes the pronunciation the word of “Love” / Lov of lav /. Commonly, many people incorrect to hear that, and make two people are  misunderstanding.

Base on the several reasons above, actually Nothing difficult things in our live. Human always make a constraint in their life. They are feel difficult to pronunciation the word, because everyday they did not exercise to pronunciation each word. In addition, decrease of grammar, and vocabulary also are capitalize in pronuciation. If you want to know about something that other people said, you must to know the vocabulary, and grammar. More than one hundred vocabulary that you know, it means you will be better in your pronunciation. Furthermore, pronunciation also always make the reader confuse to pronunciation the word. Because, the pronunciation is different from the word. Sometimes, people always wrong to pronunciation the word, and it make them confuse and say that pronciation is very difficult to them. In addition, people who has a rectristiveness ability to speak, make their difficult to pronunciation the word in english. For example, people has a  short tongue, and people who wearing a deafaid also make them difficult to pronunciation the word. Why? Because, the first step when we are going to pronunciation the word, we have to hear the sound of word. So, Ear is the one who capitalize when we are going to pronuciation the word.

      Base on the reasons above, Pronunciation is one factor that having an effect on speaking ability. In english, people always incorrect or misunderstanding when the people say something to them, because they have less ability in pronunciation. People all around the world also has trouble in pronciation specially between two people who different country. When the  people  who comes from other country  learn an English, sometimes they will have difficult to pronunciation the word in english. For example, people who comes from malaysia, japan, or australia pronunciation the word in english. When the other people hear what they say, they will have difficult to find what they mean. Because, every contries has diifferent manner and accent when they speak. For example, australian pronunciation the word “Never” with / Neva/ , computer / compucha/, and so on.

       From overall explanation above, we can get the conclusions are Pronunciation is the most important thing when we speak. People has many problem to pronunciation the word such; lesss vocabulary, grammar, difficult to put their tongue when they speak, and so on. In addition, different accent also make them difficult to understand what people said. So, it makes they say that pronunciation is hardest one in English.