CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
Sigmund
Freud is the author of the structural model of personality. In this theory,
Freud explains that each person’s personality is formed of three parts: the Ego,
the Superego and the Id. Psychoanalysis is the process of using what
we know about these three parts of someone’s personality to analyze the ways
that person’s behavior.
Literary critics sometimes
analyze the actions of literary characters using the three personality
structures that Freud identified. As critics explore the ego, superego, and id
of characters in a work, they focus on the ways that these parts of the
characters’ personalities influence the work as a whole. This process is called
psychoanalytic criticism.The id is sometimes represented by a devil sitting on
someone’s shoulder. As this devil sits there, he tells the ego to base behavior
on how the action will influence the self, specifically how it will bring the
self pleasure,superego is the part of the personality that represents the
conscience, the moral part of us. The superego develops due to the moral and
ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers,and ego is the part of the
personality that maintains a balance between our impulses (our id) and our
conscience (our superego). The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego
understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being
impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the end.in literary criticsm also has feminism
criticsm.Feminist literary critics try to explain how power imbalances due to
gender in a given culture are reflected in or challenged by literary text (Guerin
196).this study is to describe
characters of actor or artist in this fairytale,and to explain how feminime
gender in this fairytale who written by Grimm Brothers.this fairytale tells
about a woman who has a long hair,and she keeps by enchanter in a tower that
have not window,door,and stairs since 18th years.so that,we will
analyzed the characterization of artist in this fairytale.
Brothers
Grimm biography
The Brothers
Grimm were born in Hanau, Germany. Jacob was born on the 4th of January 1785
and Wilhelm - on the 24th of February 1786. From early youth, until their
death, the brothers were very close friends, always complementing each other.
Their
father, Philipp Wilhelm Grimm (1752 - 1796), was a lawyer. After his passing,
the Brothers Grimm were able to finish their education only thanks to the
generosity of their aunt. The Brothers Grimm showed their brilliant abilities
while they were still young. After a graduation at the Kassel School, the
Grimms continued their education at Marburg University, with the firm intention
to become lawyers, following the example of their father. They listened to
lectures at the Law School, studied legal science, but their natural
inclinations led them in a completely different direction - the study of German
and foreign literature. In 1803 the famous romantic Ludwig Tieck issued his
"Minnelieder aus der schwabischen Vorzeit". In the preface he
strongly urged to study the native cultural heritage. Under his influence, soon
after graduating, Brothers Grimm decided to inspect the manuscripts with
ancient German literature and continued their research in this area until the
end of their life.
In 1805 Jacob Grimm went to Paris to
do scientific work. The Brothers, accustomed to always live and work together
found their parting difficult and decided never to be separated again.
Between 1805 - 1809 Jakob Grimm was
a librarian to Jerome Bonaparte in Vilhelmsheg. After the war with France,
Jakob Grimm received a task from the Elector of Kassel - to go to Paris and
return to Kassel Library manuscripts which were stolen from the French.
In 1815,
together with a representative of Kassel, Jacob Grimm was sent to the Congress
of Vienna. He looked down upon a prosperous political career - all business
matters were an obstacle to his scientific pursuits. Jacob left the service in
1816, refusing a proposed professorship in Bonn, along with a high salary, and
became librarian in Kassel, where his brother worked since 1814. The Grimm
Brothers kept their humble position, devoting themselves to their research. In
1825 Wilhelm Grimm married, but the brothers still continued to live and work
together.
In 1829
there was an opening for the director's position at the Library of Kaseel. The
position should have been awarded by Jacob Grimm, but another person, one
without any merit, was preferred. Brothers Grimm felt so outraged by this
injustice that left. Of course, they did not stay without a job - their
scientific works were already too well-known. In 1830 Jacob Grimm was invited
to Göttingen, became a professor of German literature and a senior librarian in
the Göttingen University. Wilhelm received a junior librarians position in 1831
and was awarded the title of supernumerary, and later in 1835 - a full-time
professor. There the brothers worked with a group of progressive scholars,
especially Germany's science luminaries. But their stay in Göttingen was short.
The new King of Hanover, who came to
the throne in 1837, decided to remove the constitution granted to Hanover by
his predecessor with a single scratch. Of course, discontent swept through the
country, but only seven scholars had enough courage to openly protest. The
Brothers Grimm were among these seven brave men. King Ernst August immediately
responded to this protest with the dismissal of the seven professors and drove
away those who were not born in Hanover. Within three days the Brothers Grimm
had to leave town and temporarily settled in Kassel.
Public
opinion in Germany supported the famous scientists: a petition in favor if the
Grimms was opened and the two most famous publishers in Germany, Reymer and
Girtsel, offered to publish a German dictionary compiled on a broad scientific
basis. Brothers Grimm accepted this suggestion without hesitation and after
quite a long preparation they started to work. But they did not have to stay in
Kassel for long - their friends helped them. Their new patron was Crown Prince
Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia. When in 1840 he came to the throne, the Brothers
Grimm were called in Berlin immediately. They were elected to the Berlin
Academy of Sciences, and as academics have been granted the right to read
lectures at Berlin University. Soon after Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm began to read
lectures at the university and lived in Berlin until their death. Wilhelm died
on the 16th of December 1859 and Jacob followed him on on the 20th of September
1863.
CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
RAPUNZEL
There
once lived a man and a woman who always wished for a child, but could not have
one. These people had a little window at the back of their house from
which a splendid garden could be seen. The garden was full of the most
beautiful flowers and herbs. It was, however, surrounded by a high wall,
and no one dared to go into it because it belonged to an witch, who had great
power and was feared by all the world.
One
day the woman was standing by the window and looking down into the garden, when
she saw a bed which was planted with the most tasty rapunzel. It looked
so fresh and green that she longed for it and had the greatest desire to eat
some. This desire increased every day. The woman knew that she
could not get any of it and grew more pale and miserable each day.
Her husband was
worried about her and asked “What is wrong my dear?”
“Ah,” she replied,
“if I can’t eat some of the rapunzel from the garden behind our house I think I
shall die.”
The man, who loved
her, thought, “Sooner than let my lovely wife die, I will bring her some of the
rapunzel myself, no matter what the cost.”
In
the twilight of the evening, he climbed over the wall into the garden of the
witch, hastily grabbed a handful of rapunzel and took it to his wife. She
at once made herself a salad and ate it happily. She, however, liked it
so much — so very much, that the next day she longed for it three times as much
as before. If he was to have any rest, her husband must once more descend
into the garden. In the gloom of evening, therefore, he set out again;
but when he had climbed over the wall he was terribly afraid, for he saw the
witch standing before him.
“How dare you,”
she said with angry look, “sneak into my garden and steal my rapunzel like a
thief? You shall suffer for this!”
“Ah,” the
frightened husband answered, “please have mercy, I had to have the
rapunzel. My wife saw it from the window and felt such a longing for it
that she would have died if she had not got some to eat.”
Then
the witch allowed her anger to be softened, and said to him, “If this is true,
I will allow you to take as much as you like, only I make one condition.
You must give me the baby daughter your wife will bring into the world; she shall
be well treated, and I will care for it like a mother.” The man in his
fear consented and when the baby was born the witch appeared at once, gave the
child the name of Rapunzel and took the baby away with her.
Rapunzel grew into
the most beautiful child beneath the sun. When she was twelve years old,
the witch shut her into a tower, which lay in a forest. The tower had no
stairs or doors, but only a little window at the very top. When the witch
wanted to go in, she stood beneath the window and cried,
“Rapunzel,Rapunzel,
Let down your hair.”
Rapunzel
had magnificent long hair, fine as spun gold, and when she heard the voice of
the witch she wound her braids round one of the hooks of the window, and then
the hair fell down the side of the tower and the witch climbed up by it.
After
a year or two, it came to pass that the Prince rode through the forest and went
by the tower. He heard a song which was so lovely that he stood still and
listened. This was Rapunzel who in her loneliness passed her time singing.
The Prince wanted to climb up to her, and looked for the door of the tower, but
none was to be found. He rode home, but the singing had so deeply touched
his heart, that every day he went out into the forest and listened to it.
Once when he was standing
behind a tree listening to Rapunzel’s song, he saw the witch come and heard how
she cried,
“Rapunzel,Rapunzel,
Let down your hair.”
Then Rapunzel let
down the braids of her hair, and the witch climbed up to her.
“If that is the
ladder by which one mounts, I will for once try my fortune,” thought the Prince
and the next day when it began to grow dark, he went to the tower and cried,
“Rapunzel,Rapunzel,
Let down your hair.”
Immediately the
hair fell down and the Prince climbed up.
At
first Rapunzel was terribly frightened when a man such as her eyes had never
seen, came to her; but the Prince began to talk to her quite like a friend and
told her that his heart had been so stirred by her singing that it had let him
have no rest. Then Rapunzel lost her fear, and when he asked her if she
would take him for her husband — and she saw that he was kind and handsome, she
said yes, and laid her hand in his.
She said, “I will
willingly go away with you, but I do not know how to get down. Bring a
bit of silk with you every time you come and I will weave a ladder with
it. When that is ready I will climb down and we shall escape
together.” They agreed that until that time he should come to her every
evening, for the old woman came by day.
The witch knew
nothing of this, until once Rapunzel said in her distraction, “Oh my, you are
so much heavier when you climb than the young Prince.”
“Ah! you wicked
child,” cried the witch “What do I hear thee say! I thought I had separated you
from all the world but you have deceived me.”
In her anger she
clutched Rapunzel’s beautiful hair, seized a pair of scissors — and snip, snap
— cut it all off. Rapunzel’s lovely braids lay on the ground but the
witch was not through. She was so angry that she took poor Rapunzel into
a desert where she had to live in great grief and misery.
The witch rushed
back to the tower and fastened the braids of hair which she had cut off, to the
hook of the window, and when the Prince came and cried,
“Rapunzel,Rapunzel,
Let down your hair,”
she let the hair
down. The Prince climbed to the window, but he did not find his dearest
Rapunzel above, but the witch, who gazed at him with a wicked and venomous
look.
“Aha!” she cried
mockingly, “You’ve come for Rapunzel but the beautiful bird sits no longer singing
in the nest; the cat has got it and will scratch out your eyes as well.
Rapunzel is banished and you will never see her again!”
The Prince was beside himself and in his
despair he fell down from the tower. He escaped with his life, but the
thorns into which he fell pierced his eyes. Then he wandered quite blind
about the forest, ate nothing but roots and berries and did nothing but weep
over the loss of his dearest Rapunzel.
In this way, the Prince roamed in misery for
some months and at length came to the desert where the witch had banished
Rapunzel. He heard a voice singing and it seemed so familiar to him that
he went towards it. When he approached, Rapunzel knew him and fell into
his arms and wept.
Two of her tears fell on his eyes and the
Prince could see again. He led her to his kingdom where he was joyfully
received, and they lived for a long time afterwards, happy and contented.
A.
ANALYZE
Grimm
brothers describes psychological of the woman or man in this story by means of
their attitude,feeling,situation,place,and so on.we are try to classyfy the
characteristic of theme.
Ø
The words of “grew more pale and
miserable each day”the writers represent it is a greaest desire from the woman.
Ø
“great power and feared” the writer
represents it as someone who has grandeur overbearingly the world.
Ø
stood beneath the window and
cried,the writer represents it as the women who live in loneliness,and sadness
in a tower.
Ø
“clutched Rapunzel’s beautiful
hair” the writer represents it as expression anger of witch to rapunzel.
